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How Cancer Starts? Normally, cells multiply and die in an orderly way, so that each new cell replaces one lost. Sometimes, however, cells become abnormal and keep growing. In solid cancers, such as breast cancer, the abnormal cells form a mass or lump called a tumour. ​ For a cancer to start, certain changes take place within the genes of a cell or a group of cells . A tumor develops due to errors in the cell replication process, resulting in flawed replicated cells. The most critical error is their uncontrolled reproduction, persisting endlessly. Moreover, these cells often lack specialization or differentiation, rendering them non-functional and incapable of following the normal life cycle of cells. Genetic Change that cause uncontrolled divisions of cancer cells Failure To Respond To 'STOP' signals Avoidance Of Cell Death Getting the Blood Supply Cancer begins when a normal cell undergoes changes in its DNA, disrupting its normal function. A tumour forms, made up of billions of copies of the original cancerous cell. Cancers of blood cells don't form tumours for example leukaemias. But they make many abnormal blood cells that build up in the blood. Our cells talk to each other using chemical signals. These signals work like messages that cells use to know what to do. They attach to special spots on the cells called receptors, which then send these messages inside the cell. These messages are like instructions telling the cell what to do, like "grow" or "stop growing." But in cancer, these messages can get mixed up. Sometimes they're sent too many times, or they don't get through at all. Other times, the cells receive the messages even when they shouldn't. Because of these mix-ups, cells don't follow the right instructions. They starts to grow too much or not stop growing when they're supposed to, causing problems in the body. In normal tissue there is a balance between the generation of new cells via cell division and the loss of cells through cell death. Old cells become damaged over time and death. Normal cells die by cellular suicide (apoptosis) when they behave abnormally. Cancer cells can avoid apoptosis and survive by producing pro-survival protein 'shields'. Cancer cells can also survive by making defective (mutated) 'death' proteins - or not making them at all. Avoidance of cell death, coupled with continued cell division leads to the growth of a tumor. As a tumor grows larger, it uses more oxygen and nutrients. Eventually it will need to increase the supply of nutrients and oxygen it receives. This is done by causing the growth of new blood vessels. The process is called angiogenesis. Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) trigger the tumor and its surrounding environment to release signals that cause the growth of blood vessels towards and into the tumor. These new vessels supply oxygen and nutrients that allow the tumor to continue growing. Cancer cells separated and caused metastasis When cancer cells grew strong and ignored signaling, they can then lose certain molecules on their surface that usually help normal cells stick together properly. This loss makes cancer cells break away from their neighboring cells. When cancer cells break away from their usual place due to losing those sticking molecules, they can travel through the body and settle in other areas, causing cancer to spread. This ability of cancer cells to move to different parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Eat Well & Coping With Weight Importance of Healthy Diet Absolutely important! Ensuring adequate nutrition is crucial for maintaining strength and supporting the body during cancer treatment. Food holds a significant place in our lives beyond just fulfilling physical needs. However, for many individuals with cancer, eating can become challenging. While eating might become more challenging, finding ways to make mealtimes enjoyable and exploring foods that are appealing and manageable can significantly contribute to overall well-being and quality of life during this time. Variety and Balance A well-rounded diet is essential for supporting your body's health and functionality. The secret to a good diet lies in having a diverse selection of foods that offer a balanced mix of essential nutrients. ​ Balance is equally crucial. Balancing your meals means consuming the right proportions of various food groups. It's about enjoying a mix of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in a way that suits your body's needs. Carbohydrates and Energy Breads, rice, pasta, breakfast cereals, cakes, biscuits and grains are good source of carbohydrate which provide energy, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Energy is measured in calories and we all need a adequate calories each day to live, even if we are not very active, for example, just to breath needs energy. The amount of energy each person needs per day varies. A man and a woman need roughly 2,500 kcal and 2,000kcal respectively every day. Vitamins and Fibre Fresh fruit and vegetables are sources of vitamins and fibre which can be taken raw or lightly cooked, or made into juice. Vitamins are essential substances which help our bodies to work normally, although we only need a tiny amount of them. Eating even a little of the main foods that contain vitamins, you are probably getting a good enough supply. However, if you are not eating well over a long period of time, you may need multivitamin supplements to top up. Minerals Minerals are substances needed by the body for various functions: such as bone and teeth formation, maintaining body fluids and tissues, maintaining healthy nerves and building necessary chemicals, e.g. enzymes. Some minerals are required in larger amounts than others, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorine. Trace minerals are required in small quantities, e.g. iron, zinc, iodine, fluoride, selenium and copper. Proteins Meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, nuts, eggs, milk and cheese are protein sources which provide vitamins, minerals and energy as well. Proteins make up the basic building blocks of the body. Every part of the body is made up of protein and we have to consume protein every day to maintain and repair our body tissues. Our body must have protein reserve and extra energy, when we are ill, injured or under stress in order to repair any damage. Fats Sources of fat include oil, butter, margarine, fatty meat, oily fish, eggs, cheese, cream, nuts, salad dressing or mayonnaise, full-fat milk, yoghurts and fromage frais. Some of these also provide protein, vitamins and energy. Note: Make sure that eggs are well cooked. Avoid soft cheese like brie, and cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. These foods may carry a risk of infection. Fluids Our body needs a certain amount of fluid every day in order to function properly. If you do not feel well it may be difficult to take enough liquid, but it is important to drink at least 1.5 litres of fluid a day (2 pints). This can be taken as water, fruit juice or soup. Drinks that contain caffeine (such as coffee, tea and some fizzy drinks) may make you dehydrated because caffeine is a diuretic and can make you produce more urine. Trouble Eating? If you have a poor appetite, there are two ways to add extra energy and protein to your diet, without actually having to eat more food. Take foods high in energy and protein Consider food supplements. These can be forms of as meal replacement milk, nourishing drinks, which are available as milk shakes or soups. Some supplements are high-protein supplements are ready to drink or powders that can be added to your normal food or cooked food as well. How to add high energy food? Fortified milk: Add two tablespoons of dried milk powder to a pint (500 ml) of full cream milk. Keep it in the fridge and use it in drinks and cooking. Use this fortified full cream milk instead of water to make soup, jelly, custard and pudding. Drinks: Use fortified milk, or half milk instead of water when making any drinks. Add two to three teaspoons of high energy supplement to drinks. Casseroles and soups: Add lentils, beans and noodles. Stir a tablespoon of cream into soups or add energy and protein supplements. Make up packet soups with fortified milk or milk powder. Breakfast cereals: Use fortified milk. Add syrup or honey to porridge or use 2-3 teaspoons of a high-energy supplement Make porridge with full cream milk or cream. Nibbles: Keep snacks like nuts, fresh and dried fruit, biscuits, crackers, yoghurts or fromage frais handy to nibble on if you feel hungry instead of sugar or salt between meals. Mashed potato: Adding two teaspoons of butter or cream and by sprinkling grated cheese on top of mashed potato. High energy and protein supplements can also be added. Vegetables: Melt butter on top of hot vegetables or garnish with grated cheese or chopped hard-boiled egg. Alternatively, serve with a sauce made with fortified milk. Sandwiches: Spread thick fillings. Add two teaspoons of mayonnaise to sandwich fillings like hard-boiled egg, or tuna fish. Your Feeling Matters During times when eating becomes a challenge due to fatigue or illness, remember that mealtimes are about more than just food – they're also about social connections. If you're unable to eat a full meal, don't feel excluded; your loved ones will cherish your company, regardless. Sometimes, illness might make it difficult to prepare meals, and it's okay to let others take over. Don't carry guilt for delegating tasks when unwell; focus on getting better. Reach out to trusted individuals for help with cooking or household chores if needed. Seeking professional assistance or talking about your emotions can be immensely helpful. Don't view it as failure; instead, sharing your feelings helps others understand and offer support. Feeling Bad with Weight Lost? Weight loss during cancer treatment can be emotionally challenging as it alters your body image. It's common to feel unsettled when you notice physical changes, especially if they differ from the familiar image you hold of yourself. Concerns about how others perceive you, especially loved ones, can add to this worry. Despite these changes, remember that your personality remains unchanged and valued by those close to you. There might be concerns about how these changes impact personal relationships, including intimacy. However, open conversations often dispel fears and strengthen bonds, as relationships are built on various aspects beyond physical appearance.

Understanding blood parameters during chemotherapy is a crucial part of your care plan. While chemotherapy can impact various aspects of your blood and organ functions, being aware of these changes empowers you to take proactive steps towards your well-being: Hemoglobin (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBC): White Blood Cells (WBC): Red Blood Cells (RBC): Platelets: Liver Function: Albumin: ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase): ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase): Kidney Function: Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K): Urea and Creatinine: Calcium (Ca): Glucose: Chemotherapy might affect bone marrow function, potentially leading to decreased red blood cell production and hemoglobin levels. This awareness helps in managing anemia-related symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression might lower white blood cell counts, impacting your body's ability to fight infections as the body's ability to fight off pathogens is compromised. Being informed allows you to take preventive measures to reduce infection risks. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression may result in a decrease in red blood cell production, contributing to anemia. Therapy can cause thrombocytopenia, reducing platelet counts and increasing the risk of bleeding, bruising, and prolonged clotting problem. Monitoring this parameter helps in timely intervention to maintain healthy blood clotting functions. Chemotherapy may influence liver function, impacting markers like albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, and ALP levels. Regular monitoring helps in detecting and managing any liver-related issues effectively. Chemotherapy may impact the liver's ability to synthesize albumin, leading to decreased levels. Low albumin levels can affect fluid balance. Chemotherapy drugs can cause hepatotoxicity, resulting in elevated levels of ALT and AST. Monitoring these markers helps assess liver function. Elevated ALP levels may indicate liver damage induced by certain chemotherapy agents. It can be a marker of cholestasis or liver cell damage. Observing sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium, and glucose levels is vital in monitoring kidney function and electrolyte balance during chemotherapy. This allows for proactive measures to maintain optimal kidney health and manage any potential imbalances. Electrolyte imbalances, including changes in sodium and potassium levels, may occur with certain chemotherapy drugs, leading to symptoms such as weakness or irregular heartbeats. Chemotherapy can affect kidney function, leading to an increase in urea and creatinine levels. Elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function. Some chemotherapy drugs, particularly those used for bone-related cancers, may impact calcium levels. Some cancers, especially those that have spread to the bones (bone metastases), can release calcium into the bloodstream as the bones are broken down. Some cancers produce substances, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which can increase calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones. Certain cancers may affect the kidneys' ability to regulate calcium levels, leading to an increase in calcium in the blood. Cancer patients may experience dehydration due to various factors, and this can contribute to elevated calcium levels in the blood. Hence, monitoring the calcium level in the blood test is essential to detect any abnormalities. Chemotherapy may influence glucose metabolism. Some drugs can lead to changes in blood glucose levels, potentially affecting patients with or without pre-existing diabetes.

Types of Cancer Carcinomas Arising from epithelial cells that cover the body's surfaces or line organs. Carcinomas, originating from epithelial cells lining or covering organs, tend to form solid tumors and can metastasize to nearby tissues. Subtypes include: Adenocarcinoma: Commonly found in organs like the Breast, Prostate, Lung, Colon, Pancreas, Stomach, Ovaries, Thyroid Squamous cell carcinoma: Occurs in the Skin, Lungs, Esophagus, Cervix, Throat, Head and neck region. Basal cell carcinoma: Primarily affecting the skin. Though it's the most common skin cancer, it rarely metastasizes and has a high cure rate if detected early. It often appears as a pearly or waxy bump and is frequently found on sun-exposed areas. In Situ Carcinoma: Some carcinomas are detected at the in situ stage, where abnormal cells are confined to their site of origin and have not invaded nearby tissues. Treating in situ carcinomas often leads to excellent outcomes. ​ Characteristics: Solid Tumors: Carcinomas often form solid masses or tumors in epithelial tissues, commonly found in organs like the lungs, breast, colon, or prostate. Localized Growth: Initially, these tumors tend to grow within the affected organ or tissue. ​ Challenges & Impact: Varied Challenges: Challenges can range from relatively manageable to highly complex based on the affected organ and the stage of cancer. Early Detection Impact: Early detection can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the challenge of treating advanced stages. ​ Recurrence: For early-stage carcinomas that are successfully treated, the recurrence rates might range from about 5% to 20%, depending on the specific subtype and stage. Advanced-stage carcinomas may have higher recurrence rates. Sarcomas Arise from connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels. Sarcomas often manifest as aggressive growths in soft tissue or bone. Osteosarcoma arises from bone, while leiomyosarcoma originates from smooth muscle tissues. ​ ​ Characteristics: Soft Tissue or Bone Tumors: Sarcomas can develop in soft tissues like muscles or in bones. Large Growth Before Symptoms: They might grow to a significant size before causing noticeable symptoms due to their location in less visible areas. Rare Subtypes: Sarcomas encompass rare types such as Kaposi sarcoma, which often affects people with weakened immune systems, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor, a rare and aggressive sarcoma primarily found in adolescents and young adults. ​ Challenges & Impact: Diagnostic Complexity: Diagnosing sarcomas accurately can be challenging due to their location in soft tissues or bones and their potential to grow significantly before detection. Surgical Complexity: Surgical removal, often the primary treatment, can be challenging depending on the tumor's size and location. Due to their location within or around vital structures, surgically removing sarcomas can be complex and might involve specialized procedures or multidisciplinary approaches. ​ Recurrence: Recurrence rates for sarcomas can vary widely, but certain high-grade sarcomas may have recurrence rates ranging from 30% to 50% or higher, especially if the tumor wasn't completely removed during surgery. Leukemias Leukemias affect blood-forming tissues in the bone marrow, causing abnormal increases in white blood cells and compromising the body's immune function. This l ead to the excessive production of abnormal blood cells. Leukemias affects Blood, Bone marrow, Lymph nodes, Spleen. ​ This group includes different types such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). These subtypes differ based on the type of abnormal blood cells involved and their rate of progression. ​ Acute vs. Chronic Leukemias: Acute leukemias progress rapidly and require immediate treatment, while chronic leukemias progress more slowly and may not require immediate intervention. Philadelphia Chromosome: Found in a significant percentage of chronic myeloid leukemia cases, this genetic abnormality can impact treatment choices and prognosis. ​ Characteristics: Bone Marrow and Blood Involvement: Leukemias affect the blood-forming tissues in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of abnormal blood cells. No Solid Tumors: Unlike solid tumors, leukemias circulate in the bloodstream and may not present as discrete masses. ​ Challenges & Impact: Treatment Intensity: The treatment of leukemias, involving chemotherapy, radiation, and sometimes bone marrow transplants, can be intense and prolonged. Immune Suppression: Leukemias compromise the immune system, leading to an increased risk of infections. ​ Recurrence: Acute leukemias can have relapse rates of around 30% to 40%, even after achieving remission with initial treatment. Chronic leukemias may have lower initial recurrence rates but can sometimes relapse over time. Lymphomas Originate in the lymphatic system, impacting the body's immune system. Subtypes include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses numerous subtypes, each with distinct characteristics affecting the behavior of the cancer and response to treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma is a less common subtype characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. ​ Lymphomas often marked by swollen lymph nodes and systemic symptoms and primarily affect the lymphatic system and can involve Lymph nodes, Spleen, Bone marrow, Thymus and Other organs involved in the immune system. Indolent vs. Aggressive Types: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas encompass various subtypes with different behaviors. Some are slow-growing (indolent), while others are more aggressive, requiring prompt treatment. Hodgkin Lymphoma Staging: Staging for Hodgkin lymphoma uses the "Ann Arbor staging system," classifying the disease based on the extent of spread from Stage I (localized) to Stage IV (spread to distant organs). ​ Characteristics: Lymphatic System Involvement: Lymphomas develop in lymphatic tissues and might cause enlarged lymph nodes. Variable Presentation: They can manifest as localized tumors or affect multiple lymph nodes throughout the body. ​ Challenges & Impact: Varied Subtypes: Different subtypes of lymphomas present varying challenges in terms of treatment response and aggressiveness. Potential for Recurrence: Recurrence risk can pose ongoing challenges in managing the disease. ​ Recurrence: Recurrence rates for lymphomas can range widely, from around 20% to 50% depending on the subtype, stage, and response to initial treatment. Some aggressive types of lymphoma may have higher recurrence rates. Gliomas Gliomas, a type of CNS tumor, originate from glial cells and include subtypes such as astrocytoma, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. These subtypes differ in their aggressiveness and treatment strategies. Arise in the brain or spinal cord and include gliomas, meningiomas, and others. Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancers ​ ​ affect the brain and spinal cord, including areas such as Brain, Spinal cord and Nerves, hence displaying symptoms like headaches and cognitive changes. ​ Grade vs. Stage: CNS tumors are often graded based on their aggressiveness (Grade I to IV), while staging determines the extent of spread within the CNS. Glioblastoma Multiforme: This highly aggressive form of brain cancer (Grade IV) has a poor prognosis despite aggressive treatments. ​ Characteristics: Brain or Spinal Cord Tumors: These cancers affect the delicate tissues of the brain or spinal cord. Impact on Neurological Function: Symptoms may involve headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, or motor deficits. ​ Challenges & Impact: Complex Treatment: Treating brain or spinal cord tumors can be complex due to the delicate nature of these tissues and the need to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Functional Impact: Neurological and functional deficits resulting from treatment can pose significant challenges for patients. ​ Recurrence: Glioblastoma multiforme, a common and aggressive brain cancer, often has recurrence rates exceeding 90% within a few years despite aggressive treatment. Melanomas Originate from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes, primarily i n the skin. Melanomas are known for their potential to spread if not detected early, often presenting as changes in moles or pigmented lesions. Melanomas mainly occur in the skin but can also affect Eyes (ocular melanoma) and Mucous membranes. ​ ABCDE Rule: A helpful guideline for identifying suspicious moles: A symmetry, B order irregularity, C olor variation, D iameter larger than a pencil eraser, and E volving size, shape, or color. UV Radiation Risk: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a significant risk factor for melanoma development. ​ Characteristics: Skin Lesions: Melanomas often begin as changes in moles or pigmented lesions on the skin. Potential for Spread: Known for their ability to metastasize to other organs if not detected and treated early. ​ Characteristics & Impact: Metastatic Potential: Melanomas can spread rapidly if not detected early, making early diagnosis crucial. Treatment Advances: While challenging, advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapies have improved outcomes for some patients. ​ Recurrence: Recurrence rates for melanoma can vary based on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage melanomas that are successfully treated might have recurrence rates between 5% to 10%, while advanced stages may have higher rates, potentially exceeding 30% in some cases. Other less common types Such as germ cell tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and various types of pediatric cancers. Each of them have their unique origins, behaviors, and affected body systems Germ cell: Often found in the testes or ovaries. Neuroendocrine: Can develop in various organs, including the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs Various pediatric cancers: Can affect different organs, including the bones (osteosarcoma), brain (pediatric brain tumors), and blood (pediatric leukemias) ​ Characteristic: Varied Tissue Affected: Germ cell tumors can affect the testes or ovaries, while neuroendocrine tumors can develop in organs like the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract. Specific Manifestations: Pediatric cancers, including brain tumors or leukemia, can have distinct physical characteristics depending on their location and type. ​ Characteristics & Impacts: Specialized Treatment: Specific types like germ cell tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and pediatric cancers often require specialized treatment approaches due to their unique characteristics. Age Considerations: Pediatric cancers pose challenges due to their impact on young patients and their potential long-term effects on growth and development. ​ Recurrence: Recurrence rates for rare or less common cancers can be more challenging to generalize due to their varied nature. Some pediatric cancers might have recurrence rates ranging from 10% to 30%, while specific subtypes of germ cell tumors or neuroendocrine tumors might have varying recurrence risks.

Balance is The Key For many patients, the primary goal is to eliminate or control the cancer to prolong life. However, aggressive treatments might come with significant side effects that can impact a person's quality of life. This is where the balance becomes crucial. My Story Balancing quality of life with cancer treatment is a complex and personal decision that varies for each individual. It's not necessarily a matter of one being more important than the other; rather, it often involves finding a middle ground that aligns with the patient's goals, values, and health status. ​ Some factors to consider: Individual Preferences: Some patients prioritize extending life expectancy even if it means enduring more aggressive treatments and potential side effects. Others may prioritize quality of life, opting for less aggressive treatments that offer better symptom management and fewer side effects. Stage and Type of Cancer: The stage and type of cancer play a role in determining treatment options. In some cases, aggressive treatments might offer the best chance of survival, while in others, the focus might shift to maintaining a good quality of life. Potential Benefits vs. Risks: Patients weigh the potential benefits of treatment against the risks and side effects. Sometimes, treatments may offer a chance of remission or significantly prolonging life, justifying the side effects. Personal Circumstances: Factors like age, overall health, support network, and personal goals greatly influence the decision-making process. Physical Well-being: This refers to the impact of cancer and its treatment on the body. Pain, fatigue, nausea, and other physical symptoms significantly affect a patient's quality of life. Emotional and Psychological Health: Coping with a cancer diagnosis can be emotionally challenging. Anxiety, depression, fear, and stress are common emotions experienced by cancer patients. Support, counseling, and mental health interventions are crucial for addressing these aspects. Social Support and Relationships: Cancer can disrupt social connections and impact relationships. Support from family, friends, and support groups can greatly influence a patient's quality of life. Functional Well-being: Cancer and its treatment can affect a person's ability to perform daily activities. Maintaining independence and functionality is important for one's quality of life. Spiritual and Existential Well-being: Many patients find strength and solace in their spiritual beliefs. Addressing existential concerns and finding meaning and purpose can contribute to a better quality of life. Treatment-related Issues: Side effects of treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Managing these side effects is essential. Palliative Care: This focuses on improving the quality of life for patients facing life-threatening illnesses, relieving symptoms, and providing psychological and social support. ​ Enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients involves a holistic approach that addresses these multifaceted aspects. It's about not just treating the disease but also ensuring that the patient's overall well-being is supported throughout their journey. Ultimately, it's about finding a balance that aligns with the patient's values and preferences. Some patients might opt for aggressive treatments to fight the cancer aggressively, while others might prioritize maintaining a good quality of life for as long as possible. Open and honest discussions between patients, their families, and healthcare providers are crucial in making these challenging decisions.

Importance of Liver, Kidney, Pancreas and Immune System The liver, kidneys, pancreas, and immune system are vital organs and systems in the human body, each playing unique and crucial roles in maintaining overall health and well-being. Fucntions Section Title Metabolism and Detoxification: The liver plays a crucial role in metabolizing drugs, including chemotherapy agents. It transforms these drugs into forms that can be eliminated from the body. Protecting liver function is essential to ensure effective drug metabolism and prevent toxic build-up in the body. Drug Elimination: The kidneys are respon sible for filtering and excreting waste products, including chemotherapy drugs and their metabolites. Protecting kidney function is vital to ensure the efficient elimination of these drugs, preventing their accumulation and potential toxicity. Pancreatic Enzymes and Digestive Function: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones crucial for nutrient absorption and digestion. Chemotherapy may affect the gastrointestinal tract, and protecting pancreatic function helps maintain proper digestion and nutritional status in cancer patients. Minimizing Side Effects: Chemotherapy drugs can have toxic effects on various organs, including the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Protecting these organs helps minimize the risk of adverse side effects, such as liver damage, kidney dysfunction, and digestive issues. Overall Health and Quality of Life: Preserving the normal functioning of these organs contributes to the overall health and well-being of cancer patients. Maintaining proper liver, kidney, and pancreatic functions allows patients to better tolerate chemotherapy, potentially improving treatment outcomes and quality of life. Preventing Secondary Complications: Impaired liver and kidney function can lead to complications such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic disturbances. Protecting these organs helps prevent secondary complications that could arise during cancer treatment. Optimizing Chemotherapy Effectiveness: Proper organ function ensures that chemotherapy drugs are processed efficiently and reach their intended targets in the body. Optimizing the effectiveness of chemotherapy is crucial for achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes. Individualized Treatment Approaches: Cancer patients often undergo personalized or combination chemotherapy regimens. Protecting liver, kidney, and pancreas functions allows healthcare providers to tailor treatment plans based on individual patient characteristics, ensuring the safety and efficacy of the chosen therapies. Defense Against Infections: C hemotherapy drugs can suppress the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. Preserving immune function helps the body defend against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, reducing the risk of potentially serious infections.

Differentiation of Cancer Cells Differentiation levels in cancer cells are classified into three main types. Well-differentiated: The cancer cells look and act more like regular, healthy cells. They grow slower and are easier to identify as cancer cells. ​Tumors with well-differentiated cells often have a better prognosis. These cancers tend to be less aggressive, grow slower, and are more localized. They might respond better to treatments. Patients with well-differentiated cancers may have a higher chance of successful treatment and a better long-term outlook. Moderately differentiated: These cancer cells are somewhat different from normal cells. They might show some unusual features but aren't as abnormal as poorly differentiated cells. Cancers falling into this category can have varying prognoses. They're somewhat abnormal but not as aggressive as poorly differentiated ones. Treatment decisions might depend on other factors like the cancer's stage, location, and the overall health. Poorly differentiated (or undifferentiated): These cancer cells are very abnormal and look very different from healthy cells. They grow quickly and can be harder to identify as cancer cells because they've changed so much. These cancers tend to be more aggressive, grow faster, and are more likely to spread. They often have a poorer prognosis and may be harder to treat . Treatment for poorly differentiated cancers may involve more aggressive therapies and often need a combination of treatments in order to control the disease.

All Type Breast Cancer 乳腺癌 搜尋 Breast Cancer 乳腺癌 乳腺癌治疗之旅 Lung Cancer, Stage 4: A Mother in Need - ONE LAST WISH Testimonials 播放影片 播放影片 07:17 Why using Electric Field for cancer wellness? Why Do We Need Holistic Therapy? Why using Electric Field for cancer wellness? Why Do We Need Holistic Therapy? There are many cancer treatments available in the market. As patients or healthcare providers, it's crucial to consider various factors when planning cancer treatment. Our decisions will ultimately affect the outcomes, so we need to weigh all the pros and cons carefully. Always check Dr. Chandran's list of suggestions before committing to any treatment. At the end of the day, our focus should not only be on eliminating cancer cells but also on protecting and maintaining the wellness of our normal cells to ensure a good quality of life. 播放影片 播放影片 02:12 Stage III Breast Cancer Survivor, Pahang Malaysia - Part 2 Teacher Jenny, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude for your dedication over the past two years 🙏. Your remarkable courage and unwavering cooperation have triumphed over the illness. We are committed to standing by your side every step of the way, ensuring your continued well-being and guarding against any possibility of recurrence. Let's continue to support each other with encouragement and strength. . 珍妮老师，我想真诚地感谢您在过去两年里的辛勤付出 🙏。您的勇气和合作精神战胜了疾病，让我们备受鼓舞。我们承诺将一直陪伴在您身边，保障您的健康，预防疾病的复发。让我们继续携手前行，相互支持，共同加油。 播放影片 播放影片 03:52 Improved quality of life of vascular dementia patients with ECCT Vascular dementia is a type of dementia that happens when blood flow to your brain tissue is reduced or blocked. There's currently no cure for vascular dementia. 播放影片 播放影片 01:33 Triumph over 25th years of spine pain Dr Balram, a medical officer based in Sabah overcome his spine pain problem with ECCT and is now pain free. 播放影片 播放影片 01:27 Stage 4 Metastatic Breast Cancer with Acute Liver Failure 播放影片 播放影片 01:10 He smiles again... 播放影片 播放影片 Role of an interventional radiologist What is the role of an interventional radiologist? Aside from open surgery, what other treatments are available in Malaysia that you might consider? 播放影片 播放影片 04:11 Stage 4 Lung Cancer Metastasis to Spine 播放影片 播放影片 05:42 Stage III Breast Cancer Survivor, Pahang Malaysia Teacher Jenny, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude for your dedication over the past two years 🙏. Your remarkable courage and unwavering cooperation have triumphed over the illness. We are committed to standing by your side every step of the way, ensuring your continued well-being and guarding against any possibility of recurrence. Let's continue to support each other with encouragement and strength. . 珍妮老师，我想真诚地感谢您在过去两年里的辛勤付出 🙏。您的勇气和合作精神战胜了疾病，让我们备受鼓舞。我们承诺将一直陪伴在您身边，保障您的健康，预防疾病的复发。让我们继续携手前行，相互支持，共同加油。 播放影片 播放影片 03:00 Jenny's journey as a breast cancer survivor from Malaysia serves as an inspiration and hope to all. Jenny's journey as a breast cancer survivor from Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia, serves as a beacon of hope and inspiration for others who are in the fight with breast cancer. Following her diagnosis, she embarked on a challenging journey with both physically and mentally, limited by her body strength, mental, race with time and distance to reach out to the nearest public hospital in the city centre. She then took a leap of faith and started CCT while waiting for her appointment for systematic treatments in public hospital. Jenny's dedication bore fruit as her physical well-being improved over the course of a month. Her oncologist, impressed by her progress and positive blood test results on next meeting and arranged her for 5 radiotherapy sessions in a week. With continued dedication, Jenny's quality of life improved day by day and the cancer's growth was under controlled. Today, she stands as a testament to the power of innovation and resilience in the face of adversity, inspiring others to never give up and embrace hope and light in their own battles against cancer. 珍妮作为来自马来西亚彭亨州文冬的乳腺癌幸存者，为那些正在与乳腺癌作斗争的人们树立了一盏希望和鼓舞的明灯。在被诊断出患病后，她踏上了一段充满挑战的旅程，既在身体和心理上都受到限制，又在时间和距离上必须与公立医院的安排赛跑。然后，在等待公立医院系统性治疗预约的过程中，她怀着信念迈出了一步，开始了电容癌症疗法（CCT）。经过一个月的努力，珍妮的身体状况得到了改善。她的肿瘤医生在下次会诊时对她的进展和积极的血液检测结果印象深刻，并安排她接受了为期一周的5次放射治疗。在持续的坚持下，珍妮的生活质量逐日提高，肿瘤的生长得到了控制。如今，她是创新和逆境中坚韧力量的明证，激励他人永不放弃，在与癌症的战斗中拥抱希望和光明。 播放影片 播放影片 03:17 Astrocytoma Brain Cancer Survivor Brain Astrocytic cancer survivor: From paralysed to be able to stand and contribute to cancer community. Willy, 9 years brain cancer survivors with ECCT (He unfortunately passed away from Covid in 2021 after being 9 years cancer free). Here is a video of his journey of survival and his message to all cancer fighter out there. 播放影片 播放影片 02:42 10th Year Breast Cancer Survivor 10th Year Breast Cancer Survivor. It took me 2 weeks from bed bound to living my normal routine again. 播放影片 播放影片 03:20 Brain Hydrocephalus Survivor 播放影片 播放影片 04:45 Brain Cancer Survivor 播放影片 播放影片 06:02 The Truth About Electric Field Cancer Therapy in Japan Understanding Cancer Therapy in Japan with Dr. Shin Akiyama, specialist in Tokyo, Japan. 播放影片 播放影片 01:12 She wouldn't have survived until today without ECCT Son: She wouldn't have survived until today without ECCT... 播放影片 播放影片 02:43 Breast Cancer Survivor with ECCT Breast Cancer survivor who has undergo ECCT cancer treatment and achieved 5 years remissions in 2020. It is now 7th year of survival with remissions with ECCT! 播放影片 播放影片 03:15 7th year of survival with remissions with ECCT! Breast Cancer survivor who achieved 5 years remissions with ECCT in 2020. It is now 7th year of survival with remissions with ECCT!

“精神错乱就是一遍又一遍地做同样的事情，却期待不同的结果。” 艾尔伯特爱因斯坦 JRX 的理念是为社区带来微笑与和平，这也是 JRX 在我们加强创新、技术和可负担性之间的联盟以创造更美好未来的旅程中坚定不移的理念。 预约 高效并有效的 ​ 我们致力于通过做正确的事情和做正确的事情来产生和执行最佳结果。 以结果为导向 我们提供量身定制的服务，以满足客户的确切需求和需求。 信息和合规性 我们始终如一地提供高度可靠的信息，并在我们所做的事情中充满信心。 关怀和乐于助人 我们关心、理解并准备支持您的所有需求。 关于我们 JRX 的理念植根于将微笑与和平带给世界每一个角落的社区，JRX 坚信为每个人提供优质的服务和优质的解决方案，以重获自由和微笑。凭借我们最好的知识、网络和无底的关怀，我们致力于通过始终引入最伟大和最新的创新和负担得起的解决方案来满足社区的需求，甚至服务于最小的有需要的社区。我们致力于加强创新、技术和可负担性之间的联盟，共创美好未来。 这是 JRX 全球。 我们的产品 ECCT 电容式癌症治疗 ECCT，一种利用电场癌症治疗方法的替代癌症治疗 在过去的 12 年中， 帮助我 改善了许多癌症患者的生活并重获自由。 阅读更多 细节 核磁共振 磁共振系统 （闭孔 MRI） Close Bore MRI 通常是高场系统，具有出色的图像质量、速度和 1.0T 至 3.0T 的磁铁强度。 阅读更多 细节 人工智能定制 用于医疗保健和福祉的人工智能 我们的专业程序员为满足患者健康需求的所有可能性提供个性化服务。 阅读更多 细节 个人防护装备 个人保护设备 我们向世界供应各种类型的医疗器械，包括医用和外科口罩、外科和检查手套、手术衣和注射器。 阅读更多 细节 我们的同伴