Role of Electric Fields in Integrated Complementary Cancer Therapy

The article explores the potential of electric fields as a novel and promising approach in integrated complementary cancer therapy, emphasizing their advantages over conventional therapies, the challenges associated with current cancer treatments, and the need for continued research to optimize the application of electric fields in cancer therapy.

​

Electric fields offer a promising avenue for cancer therapy, with multiple mechanisms contributing to their therapeutic effects. By disrupting membrane integrity, interfering with cellular electrical properties, arresting mitosis, enhancing traditional therapies, and modulating the tumor microenvironment, electric fields provide a multifaceted approach to cancer treatment. Ongoing research and clinical trials are essential to fully elucidate these mechanisms and optimize the use of electric fields in oncology.

The effect of exposure to electro-capacitive cancer treatment on JNK2α2 expression and the number of glioblastoma cells

This study explores the effects of ECCT on glioblastoma (GBM), an extremely aggressive form of brain cancer. ECCT uses low-intensity, medium-frequency electrostatic wave energy to target cancer cells. The research focuses on JNK2α2, a protein that plays a role in tumor growth, and looks at how ECCT influences its levels and the number of GBM cells in a laboratory setting. The results show that ECCT can significantly decrease both the amount of JNK2α2 and the number of GBM cells, suggesting it could be a promising complementary treatment option.  

Key Findings:

1. Significant Reduction in JNK2α2 Expression: ECCT exposure significantly decreased JNK2α2 expression in U-87MG GBM cells. The reduction was particularly notable at higher intensities (30 and 50 PPV) and longer exposure durations (48 and 72 hours), suggesting that ECCT effectively disrupts the MAPK signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell proliferation and survival.

2. Decrease in Cell Viability and Proliferation: Prolonged ECCT exposure led to a significant reduction in GBM cell counts. The most substantial reduction in cell proliferation was observed at 72 hours, indicating that longer durations of ECCT enhance its anti-proliferative effects.

3. Mechanism of Action: ECCT disrupts the JNK2α2 signaling pathway, which is part of the MAPK pathway involved in cell proliferation and survival. This disruption leads to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of GBM cells. Additionally, ECCT affects receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) interactions on the cell membrane, disrupting downstream signaling pathways like Ras/Raf/MEK/p42/44MAPK, which are essential for cell growth and survival. This disruption inhibits tumor cell proliferation and promotes cell death.

4. Therapeutic Implications: ECCT offers a non-invasive method to target GBM cells, potentially reducing the need for aggressive surgical interventions. The significant reduction in cell proliferation with ECCT highlights its potential as a complementary therapy to existing treatments.

5. Safety and Efficacy: The study demonstrates the safety of ECCT, with no adverse effects on normal cell function observed. The efficacy of ECCT in reducing GBM cell proliferation suggests promising therapeutic outcomes, particularly when used in conjunction with other treatment modalities.

6. Clinical Implications: ECCT offers a promising non-invasive alternative to traditional GBM treatments, which often involve invasive procedures with significant side effects. ECCT could be effectively combined with other treatments to enhance therapeutic outcomes. For example, combining ECCT with chemotherapeutic agents could improve overall efficacy by targeting multiple pathways simultaneously. Ensuring the safety of ECCT is crucial for its clinical application, and this study highlights its safety profile, minimizing concerns about adverse effects.

The effect of non‐contact electro capacitive cancer therapy on DMBA‐ induced rat breast tumor angiogenesis

Researchers have explored a new cancer treatment called ECCT and found that it can affect blood vessel growth in breast cancer tumours. This treatment uses electrical fields to target tumours without harming normal breast tissue. The study showed that ECCT increases certain proteins that help form blood vessels in tumours, which might help fight cancer in a new way. 

​

Key Findings:

1. Impact on Angiogenic Gene Expression in Normal Breast Tissues: ECCT exposure did not significantly alter the expression of Hif1α, Sp1, and Vegfa genes in normal breast tissues. This indicates that ECCT does not induce or suppress angiogenesis-related gene expression in non-cancerous cells, suggesting its safety for normal tissues.

2. Impact on Angiogenic Gene Expression in DMBA-Induced Tumors: There was a significant increase in Vegfa expression in the INT (induced non-therapy) group, reflecting the tumor’s angiogenic response to DMBA induction. Vegfa expression was notably lower in the IT (induced therapy) group following ECCT treatment, suggesting that ECCT effectively downregulates Vegfa expression in tumor tissues and potentially inhibits tumor angiogenesis. In addition, Hif1α expression significantly increased in the INT group, indicating a hypoxic response and angiogenic drive in the tumor. No significant change in Hif1α expression in the IT group post-ECCT treatment suggests that ECCT might mitigate the hypoxic conditions or the tumor's response to hypoxia.

3. Vegfr2 Gene Expression and Protein Levels: Vegfr2 gene expression remained unchanged with ECCT exposure, supporting that ECCT does not adversely affect angiogenesis in normal tissues. Vegfr2 expression was significantly higher in the IT group compared to the INT group, suggesting that while ECCT downregulates Vegfa, it upregulates Vegfr2, indicating a shift towards Vegfr2-mediated angiogenesis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased Vegfr2 protein levels in the IT group, corresponding with the gene expression data. This suggests enhanced angiogenesis via a different pathway facilitated by Vegfr2.

4. Angiogenesis Assessment: The IT group showed a higher number of blood vessels compared to the INT group, indicating that ECCT impacts tumor vasculature. This might be due to the shift towards Vegfr2-mediated angiogenesis, resulting in enhanced blood vessel formation.

5. Safety and Non-Invasive Nature of ECCT: The lack of significant changes in angiogenic gene expression in normal breast tissues under ECCT exposure suggests its safety and minimal impact on non-cancerous cells.The downregulation of Vegfa and stabilization of Hif1α in tumor tissues indicate that ECCT can counteract the tumor's angiogenic response without inducing significant hypoxia.

6. Mechanism of Action: The study indicates a shift in angiogenic pathways from Vegfa to Vegfr2 under ECCT. Vegfr2 is involved in stable and mature blood vessel formation, which might support immune cell infiltration and anti-tumor immunity. By downregulating primary angiogenic drivers and promoting Vegfr2 pathways, ECCT alters the tumor’s angiogenic landscape, potentially making it more susceptible to immune-mediated tumor suppression.

7. Therapeutic Implications: ECCT offers a non-invasive alternative to traditional therapies, reducing the need for surgical interventions and associated complications. ECCT can be combined with existing treatments, enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects by modulating angiogenic pathways.

Alternating Current-Electric Field Inducing Chorio Allantoic Membrane (CAM) Angiogenesis through Exogenous Growth Factor Intervention

This study explores a fascinating new way to promote the formation of new blood vessels, which is crucial for healing and recovery in many medical conditions. Scientists used a special device to create tiny electric fields and combined it with a natural growth substance called basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a chick embryo model. They found that while the electric fields alone didn't do much, the combination with bFGF led to a significant increase in new blood vessel growth. This breakthrough could lead to new treatments for conditions like heart disease, where improving blood flow is essential, and certain cancers, where controlling blood vessel growth is crucial. This research shows how innovative technologies can work together with natural processes to improve health and recovery.
 
Key Findings:

1. No Impact on Normal Angiogenesis: AC-EF exposure did not significantly affect angiogenesis in non-bFGF-induced groups (NINT and NIT), indicating that intermediate-frequency AC-EF at 150 kHz and 18 Vpp is safe for normal physiological processes.

2. Enhanced Angiogenesis with bFGF: Significant promotion of angiogenesis was observed in the bFGF-induced AC-EF group (IT), suggesting a synergistic effect of bFGF induction and AC-EF treatment.

3. Highest Number of New Blood Vessels: The IT group, which received both bFGF induction and AC-EF treatment, exhibited the highest number of new blood vessels (36.67±10.48) and the highest angiogenesis response (51.95±43.04%), significantly more than other groups (P<0.05).

4. Statistical Significance: The IT group's increase in new blood vessels was statistically significant compared to the other groups, as indicated by different superscript letters in the analysis.

5. VEGFA Gene Expression: No significant upregulation of VEGFA gene expression was observed in the NIT group (non-bFGF-induced, AC-EF exposure), indicating that AC-EF alone does not significantly alter VEGFA expression. Slight, but not statistically significant, upregulation of VEGFA was observed in the IT group (bFGF-induced, AC-EF exposure), suggesting that other factors might also contribute to the enhanced angiogenic response.

6. Safety of AC-EF: The lack of effect on normal angiogenesis in non-bFGF-induced groups supports the safety profile of AC-EF for clinical applications, ensuring no adverse effects on healthy tissue.

7. Therapeutic Potential: The enhanced angiogenic response in the IT group highlights the potential of AC-EF combined with growth factors like bFGF for therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting vascular growth in conditions such as chronic wounds, ischemic tissues, and certain cardiovascular diseases.

8. Context-Dependent Effects of AC-EF: The study demonstrates that the presence of exogenous growth factors like bFGF is crucial in determining the pro-angiogenic effect of AC-EF, contrasting with previous findings of AC-EF's anti-angiogenic effects in other contexts.

9. Implications for Regenerative Medicine: The findings suggest potential applications of AC-EF in regenerative medicine, such as wound healing and the treatment of ischemic conditions, by promoting tissue repair and regeneration.

Wire-Mesh Capacitance Tomography for Treatment Planning System of Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy

Brain cancer stands as one of the most formidable and challenging types of cancer to combat. However, a recent breakthrough in research has introduced a novel approach in its treatment utilizing electric fields. This innovative method, termed electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT), presents a non-invasive alternative devoid of the adverse effects commonly associated with traditional treatments like chemotherapy or radiation. ECCT operates by applying an electric field to the tumor region via a specialized helmet. This field disrupts the growth and multiplication of cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. 

​

Key Findings

1. Electric Field Distribution in Air Medium: Helmet-1: Average electric field: 1585.72 V/m; highest distribution along the y-axis. Helmet-2: Average electric field: 1413.28 V/m; highest distribution along the x-axis.

2. Electric Field Distribution in Grey Matter and Cancer: Helmet-1: Grey matter: 97.43 V/m; Cancer: 80.58 V/m. Optimal for cancers located on the right and bottom. Helmet-2: Grey matter: 64.20 V/m; Cancer: 52.65 V/m. Optimal for cancers located at the top and bottom.

3. Compensation Error Analysis: Helmet-1 exhibited higher electric field values and a different distribution pattern compared to Helmet-2. The compensation error varied with cancer location, with Helmet-1 showing more significant differences between simulations and experimental data.

4. Field Distribution Patterns: Both sensors effectively measured the electric field distribution, with the 8×8 sensor providing more granular data. The field distribution in the phantom was significantly lower than in the air, highlighting the impact of tissue permittivity.

5. Resolution and Accuracy: The 8×8 sensor achieved an 82.42% reduction in electric field values in the phantom compared to air, while the 3×3 sensor showed a 61.8% reduction. Bilinear interpolation improved the resolution, making the 8×8 sensor preferable for precise measurements.

Clinical Implications

1. Non-Invasive and Precise Measurement: Wire mesh sensors provide a non-invasive method to accurately measure electric fields in therapeutic settings, ensuring proper ECCT application, particularly in sensitive areas like the brain.

2. Voltage Control for Optimized Treatment: Accurate electric field distribution measurement allows for precise control of voltage levels, optimizing therapeutic efficacy and reducing the risk of unintended tissue damage.

3. Effectiveness of Wire Mesh Electrodes: Both active and passive wire mesh electrodes measure electric field distribution accurately without altering the pattern, ensuring reliable dosing and targeted treatment.

4. Enhanced Treatment Planning: Detailed electric field distribution enables fine-tuning of ECCT parameters, maximizing therapeutic benefits and minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

5. Potential for Broad Clinical Application: The successful use of wire mesh sensors supports their integration into various clinical applications, providing a versatile tool for optimizing electric field-based therapies across different cancer types.

A Novel Method for Measurement of Electric Field in Emulated Human Body Tissue using Wire Mesh Sensor

The study introduces a fresh technique for measuring electric fields, potentially upgrading treatment planning for therapies reliant on electric fields. This innovation holds promise in boosting the effectiveness of such treatments for cancer patients. Ultimately, it could revolutionize how we utilize electric fields in cancer treatment, paving the way for significant improvements in patient care.

​

Key Findings

1. Voltage and Electric Field Distribution: Wire Mesh Sensor 3×3 showed distinct voltage patterns for air and phantom mediums with higher electric field values in air. Wire Mesh Sensor 8×8 provided higher resolution and more detailed electric field distribution, with clear differentiation between air and phantom mediums.

2. Simulation and Experimental Validation: Simulations confirmed significant differences in electric field distribution between air and phantom. Experimental results consistent with simulations, validating the accuracy of wire mesh sensors. The 8×8 sensor demonstrated superior resolution and accuracy compared to the 3×3 sensor.

3. Field Distribution Patterns: Both sensors effectively measured electric field distribution, with the 8×8 sensor providing more granular data. The electric field distribution in the phantom was significantly lower than in air, highlighting the impact of tissue permittivity.

4. Resolution and Accuracy: The 8×8 sensor achieved an 82.42% reduction in electric field values in the phantom compared to air. The 3×3 sensor showed a 61.8% reduction. Bilinear interpolation improved the resolution, making the 8×8 sensor preferable for precise measurements.

Clinical Implications

1. Non-Invasive and Precise Measurement: The wire mesh sensors provide a non-invasive method to accurately measure electric fields in therapeutic settings. This precision ensures that ECCT is applied correctly, particularly in sensitive areas such as the brain, optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.

2. Voltage Control for Optimized Treatment: The findings emphasize the importance of voltage control in ECCT. Ensuring stable and appropriate voltage levels can optimize therapeutic efficacy, effectively inhibiting cancer cell growth while reducing the risk of unintended tissue damage.

3. Effectiveness of Wire Mesh Electrodes: Both active and passive wire mesh electrodes accurately measure electric field distribution without altering the pattern. This reliability is crucial for ensuring accurate dosing and targeted treatment, which is essential for effective cancer therapy.

4. Enhanced Treatment Planning: Understanding the electric field distribution within the body model allows for fine-tuning ECCT parameters. This knowledge enables clinicians to maximize therapeutic benefits by targeting cancer cells more effectively and minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

5. Potential for Broad Clinical Application: The successful use of wire mesh sensors to analyze electric field distribution supports their integration into broader clinical applications. This technology can be used in various cancer treatments beyond brain cancer, providing a versatile tool for optimizing electric field-based therapies across different cancer types.

Electric Field-Based Cancer Therapy Induces the Expression of HMGB1 and PD-L1 mRNA Genes on Breast Tumor of Female Rats

The study observed that exposing breast tumor samples in rats to electric fields led to increased activity in specific genes, potentially influencing the tumor's behavior. Additionally, it demonstrated the safety of ECCT for healthy organs, particularly the brain and liver, in female rats.

​
Key Findings

1. Up-Regulation of HMGB1 and PD-L1 in Breast Tumor Tissue: Significant up-regulation of HMGB1 mRNA in the therapy (IT) group compared to the non-therapy (INT) group. Significant up-regulation of PD-L1 mRNA in the IT group, indicating enhanced expression following ECCT exposure. Amplification and melt peak curves confirmed the specificity of the primers used for both genes.

2. No Significant Changes in Brain and Liver Tissues: No significant changes in the expression of HMGB1 and PD-L1 in healthy brain tissues after ECCT exposure. No significant changes in the expression of HMGB1, PD-L1, and interferon-γ in healthy liver tissues post-ECCT exposure.

3. Tumor Microenvironment Impact: ECCT may affect tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) formation, influencing the tumor microenvironment. This disruption can impair the ability of cancer cells to sustain themselves, contributing to tumor shrinkage.

4. Safety and Efficacy: Histopathological observations showed no damage in non-tumor tissues, underscoring the safety of ECCT. This therapy selectively targets cancer cells without affecting normal cells, a crucial advantage over conventional therapies. The absence of histopathological changes in non-tumor tissues reinforces the safety of ECCT, ensuring effective treatment without significant side effects.

5. Modulation of Cellular Proliferation and Apoptosis: Significant up-regulation of HMGB1 in the IT group suggests that ECCT promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD), enhancing the immune response against tumors. PD-L1 up-regulation in the IT group, along with increased CD8+ T cell activity, indicates an anti-tumor immune response rather than immune suppression.

6. Down-Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines in Tumor Tissue: Significant down-regulation of CCL2 and IL18 in the IT group indicates that ECCT reduces pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic signals. CCL2 is involved in recruiting monocytes and macrophages to the tumor site, while IL18 promotes cell proliferation and migration. Their reduction suggests a less favorable environment for tumor growth and metastasis.

Antiproliferative Effect of Electric Fields on Breast Tumor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

The study shows ECCT stands as a potential novel approach for treating breast cancer. This therapy employs low-intensity, intermediate-frequency electric fields and has exhibited promising outcomes in both laboratory experiments and trials conducted on mice. Research indicated that ECCT not only slowed the growth of cancer cells but also halted the growth of some cells entirely.

​

Key Findings
In Vitro Findings:

• Growth Inhibition: ECCT exposure significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by 28-39%, with the highest inhibition observed at 24 hours. This suggests that ECCT disrupts cellular processes critical for cancer cell survival and replication.

• Cellular Effects: Cells exposed to ECCT showed reduced proliferation rates and significant cell destruction during mitosis, indicating that ECCT interferes with the normal cell cycle, specifically during cytokinesis, leading to cancer cell death.

In Vivo Findings:

• Tumor Size Reduction: Mice injected with adenocarcinoma cells exhibited a significant tumor size reduction of over 67% following ECCT exposure. This substantial reduction demonstrates the efficacy of ECCT in shrinking tumors without the need for invasive procedures.

• Histopathology: No abnormal histopathological changes were observed in non-tumor tissues of ECCT-treated mice, highlighting the safety of ECCT. Tumor tissues showed extensive macrophage infiltration and the presence of apoptotic cells, suggesting an immune-mediated response to ECCT.

• Tumor Microenvironment: ECCT may alter TIF formation, affecting the tumor microenvironment. Changes in tumor texture suggest that ECCT disrupts the structural integrity of the tumor, potentially impairing cancer cell interactions and growth dynamics.

Safety and Efficacy:

• Histopathological Observations: The absence of damage in non-tumor tissues highlights the safety of ECCT. This is a crucial advantage over many conventional therapies that often harm healthy tissues.

• Selective Action on Tumor Cells: ECCT selectively targets cancer cells without affecting normal cells, minimizing adverse effects and maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

Cellular Proliferation and Apoptosis:

• Reduction in PCNA Expression: PCNA is a marker of cell proliferation. The significant reduction in PCNA expression in the IT group indicates that ECCT effectively inhibits the proliferative capacity of tumor cells, crucial for slowing tumor growth.

• Induction of Apoptosis: The increase in caspase-3 expression signifies enhanced apoptotic activity. ECCT promotes apoptosis, reducing the number of viable cancer cells and contributing to tumor shrinkage.

Inflammatory Cytokines:

• Down-Regulation of CCL2 and IL18: CCL2 and IL18 are involved in promoting inflammation and supporting tumor growth. Their down-regulation indicates a shift towards a less inflammatory and less supportive tumor microenvironment, less conducive to cancer progression.

Evaluation of Static Electric Field Exposure on Histopathological Structure and Function of Kidney and Liver in DMBA- Induced RAT

The study demonstrates that ECCT is not only safe for the liver and kidneys but also spares normal cells from harm. This stands as a significant advantage, addressing a key challenge in cancer treatment—how to target cancer cells without harming healthy ones. The research shows that, in rats, kidney and liver functions declined over time with chemotherapy alone, whereas those receiving ECCT did not experience the same deterioration.

​

Key Findings
Kidney Histopathology

• Glomerular Injury: No significant differences in glomerular injury scores were observed among the groups, indicating that neither DMBA induction nor electric field exposure caused notable glomerular damage.

• Tubular Injury: The Induction Non-Therapy (INT) group had the highest tubular injury score, significantly different from the Induction Therapy (IT) group. This demonstrates the nephrotoxic effect of DMBA. ECCT reduced tubular damage, suggesting a protective or reparative effect.

• Interstitial Injury: Inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis were observed, but there were no significant differences in interstitial injury scores among the groups.

• Congestion: DMBA induction increased congestion, but ECCT exposure potentially reduced congestion, as indicated by the significantly lower congestion scores in the Non-Induction Therapy (NIT) group compared to other groups.

Liver Histopathology

• Cellular Injury: No significant differences in cellular injury scores among the groups. All groups showed close mean values, indicating minimal liver damage from either DMBA or ECCT.

• Hemorrhage and Congestion: DMBA induction significantly induced hemorrhage, but the congestion score was highest in the IT group, suggesting a synergic effect of DMBA and ECCT on vascular congestion.

Blood Plasma Analysis

• Creatinine Levels: Significant increases in creatinine levels in all groups except the IT group post-treatment. The IT group showed a significant decrease, suggesting ECCT may mitigate DMBA-induced nephrotoxicity.

• AST and ALT Levels: Both AST and ALT levels increased post-treatment but remained within or close to normal ranges. The IT group exhibited a normalization trend, indicating potential protective effects of ECCT on liver function.

Tumor Microenvironment

• Impact on Tumor Interstitial Fluid (TIF): ECCT may alter TIF formation, affecting the tumor microenvironment. This disruption can impair the ability of cancer cells to sustain themselves, contributing to tumor shrinkage.

• Disruption of Tumor Cell Interactions: The change in tumor texture to a softer, more fluid-like state suggests that ECCT disrupts the structural integrity of the tumor. This could impair the ability of cancer cells to interact with each other and with stromal cells, hindering their growth and proliferation.

Safety and Efficacy

• No Significant Histopathological Injuries: The study found no significant histopathological injuries in the kidney and liver tissues of rats exposed to ECCT, indicating that the therapy is safe for these vital organs.

• Reduction in Tubular Injury: ECCT reduced tubular injury scores in the kidney, suggesting a potential protective effect against DMBA-induced nephrotoxicity.

• Normalization of Creatinine Levels: The decrease in creatinine levels in the IT group suggests that ECCT may help maintain or restore normal kidney function.

• Moderate Changes in AST and ALT Levels: While there were changes in AST and ALT levels, they remained within normal ranges, indicating that ECCT does not adversely affect liver function.

Potential Mechanisms

• Reduced Oxidative Stress: The protective effects observed could be due to reduced oxidative stress, as ECCT may improve circulation and reduce ROS levels, which are known to cause cellular damage.

• Enhanced Repair Mechanisms: ECCT may promote tissue repair mechanisms, improving histopathological outcomes and maintaining organ function.

CCL2 and IL18 expressions may associate with the anti-proliferative effect of noncontact electro capacitive cancer therapy in vivo

ECCT, by potentially reducing the activity of specific genes within breast tumor cells, holds promise in slowing down their growth. This implication positions ECCT as a potentially groundbreaking approach in the treatment of breast cancer, offering a new avenue for combating this disease.

Key Findings 

1. Effective Tumor Inhibition: The IT group showed significantly lower tumor growth rates compared to the INT group, indicating that ECCT effectively inhibits mammary tumor growth. Tumors in the IT group appeared softer and more fluid-like, suggesting altered tumor texture.

2. Histopathological Changes: Tumors in the IT group exhibited necrosis and apoptosis, characterized by blackening and detachment, which indicates effective tumor cell death and sloughing off of dead tissue. The IT group demonstrated significantly lower PCNA expression (p<0.01), indicating reduced cell proliferation, and lower ErbB2 expression (p<0.05), suggesting decreased tumor aggressiveness. Higher expression of caspase-3 (p<0.01) in the IT group indicated increased apoptosis. Additionally, elevated CD68 expression (p<0.01) suggested enhanced macrophage infiltration, likely contributing to tumor regression.

3. Immune Response Modulation: The IT group showed increased infiltration of macrophages likely of the M1 phenotype, promoting an anti-tumor response. Increased CD8+ T cell infiltration in the IT group, leading to a lower CD4/CD8 ratio, which is associated with a stronger anti-tumor immune response.

4. Molecular Analysis: The IT group exhibited significantly lower mRNA expression of CCL2 (15.29 fold change vs. 97.72 in INT) and IL18 (1.34 fold change vs. 2.08 in INT), indicating reduced pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic signals. No significant differences in TNF-α and IL23α expression between IT and INT groups, suggesting these cytokines are not majorly affected by ECCT.

5. Safety and Efficacy: ECCT did not cause damage to non-tumor tissues, indicating its safety. The therapy selectively targets cancer cells, promoting tumor regression without harming normal tissues.

Cytotoxic T cells response with decreased CD4/CD8 ratio during mammary tumors inhibition in rats induced by non-contact electric fields

This approach isn't just about slowing tumor growth; it also plays a significant role in bolstering the body's natural immune response against the tumor. By leveraging this method, there's a dual benefit—restraining the tumor's expansion while empowering the body's defense mechanisms to better combat and potentially suppress the cancerous growth.

​

Key Findings

1. Effective Tumor Inhibition: The Therapy (IT) group exhibited significantly lower tumor growth rates compared to the Non-Therapy (INT) group, indicating that ECCT effectively inhibits mammary tumor growth.

2. Histopathological Changes: Tumors in the IT group showed signs of necrosis and apoptosis, including blackening and detachment, leading to healing. The IT group had lower PCNA expression, indicating reduced cell proliferation, while ErbB2 expression remained unchanged. Higher nuclear and hollow region caspase-3 expression in the IT group indicated advanced apoptosis stages facilitated by ECCT.

3. Immune Response Modulation: The IT group had CD68+ macrophages likely of the M1 phenotype, promoting an anti-tumor response. Increased CD8+ T cell infiltration in the IT group with a lower CD4/CD8 ratio, enhancing cytotoxic immune response against tumors.

4. Safety and Efficacy: The study demonstrated that ECCT is safe, with no adverse effects on normal tissues, and effectively reduces tumor growth and modulates the immune response in rats.

5. Non-Invasive: ECCT offers a non-invasive alternative to traditional cancer therapies, potentially reducing side effects and improving patient quality of life.

6. Potential for Combination Therapy: ECCT could be integrated with existing cancer treatments to enhance overall efficacy and target different aspects of tumor biology.

Effects of Non-Contact Electric Fields on Kidney and Liver Histology in Tumour-Induced Rats

Scientists conducted trials testing a new non-contact method of treating cancer using weak electric fields. These fields, harmless to normal cells, possess the ability to impede the growth and division of cancer cells by affecting their internal structures. In their study, rats with chemically induced breast cancer were exposed to varying strengths of these electric fields. Subsequently, the researchers examined the rats' kidneys and livers to assess any potential damage caused by the electric fields. Encouragingly, they found no harm inflicted on these organs and even noted a potential positive impact on kidney function in healthy rats. Based on their findings, the scientists concluded that the electric fields are safe for the kidney and liver in rats with breast cancer, advocating further research into optimizing their application and mechanism of action.

​

Key Findings

• Safety of EF Exposure: Non-contact electric field (EF) exposure at intermediate frequencies does not cause significant histopathological damage to the kidneys and livers of tumor-induced rats, indicating the safety of ECCT.

• Impact on Kidney Histopathology:

  • Tubular Damage: No significant differences in tubular damage scores among the groups, suggesting EF exposure does not exacerbate DMBA-induced nephrotoxicity.

  • Interstitial Damage: Significant reduction in renal inflammation and hemorrhage in the NIT group, indicating potential protective effects of EF exposure against oxidative stress and inflammation.

  • Glomerular Damage: No significant differences in glomerular damage, indicating that EF exposure does not impact the structural integrity of glomeruli.

  • Congestion: No significant differences in congestion, implying that EF exposure does not adversely affect renal blood flow.

• Impact on Liver Histopathology:

  • Cellular Damage: No significant cellular damage, indicating that EF exposure is not hepatotoxic and maintains liver cell integrity.

  • Hemorrhage: Higher hemorrhage scores in the NIT group suggest sensitivity of actively dividing liver cells to EF, but no significant damage in tumor-induced rats, indicating a selective effect of EF.

  • Congestion: No significant differences in congestion and no fibrosis observed, indicating no chronic liver damage from EF exposure.

• Renal Protection: The reduction in renal inflammation and hemorrhage scores suggests that EF exposure may mitigate nephrotoxicity, potentially protecting renal function.

• Liver Sensitivity: Higher hemorrhage scores in the NIT group indicate sensitivity to EF in actively dividing liver cells, but the lack of significant damage in tumor-induced rats suggests that EF selectively affects dividing cells without causing extensive harm.

• Non-Invasive and Safe Therapy: ECCT presents a non-invasive treatment option with minimal adverse effects on healthy tissues, addressing the critical need for safer cancer treatments.

• Potential for Combination Therapy: ECCT could be integrated with existing cancer treatments to enhance efficacy while minimizing side effects.

• Therapeutic Implications: The study underscores the potential of ECCT as a non-invasive, safe, and effective cancer treatment modality. The absence of significant adverse effects on the kidneys and liver, coupled with potential protective benefits, highlights the therapeutic value of ECCT. 

Numerical Analysis of Electric Force Distribution on Tumor Mass

Researchers have explored a pioneering approach to cancer treatment involving continuous, one-directional electric fields. These steady electric fields exert pressures on tumor cells, either propelling or retracting them. Using a computer model, scientists measured the electric force acting on tumor cells within breast cancer tissue. They evaluated two scenarios: one with a uniform distribution of the electric field across the tissue and another concentrating more powerfully on the tumor cells. Results highlighted a significantly higher electric force on the tumor cells compared to normal cells, further intensifying when the electric field specifically targeted the tumor cells. These findings led researchers to suggest that electric fields could potentially eliminate tumor cells by inducing their rupture or bursting.

​

Key Findings

1. Non-Homogeneous EF Intensity at Lesion Boundary: The electric field (EF) intensity was non-homogeneous at the boundary between the lesion and the medium, but homogeneous within the lesion itself. This non-homogeneity at the boundary is crucial for the effectiveness of ECCT, as it suggests targeted treatment at the tumor edges where cancer cells are more likely to detach and die.

2. Dependence on Dielectric Constant: The EF intensity increased with higher dielectric constants of the medium. This indicates that the medium’s properties significantly influence the treatment efficacy, with tumor tissues—typically having higher dielectric constants than normal tissues—being more susceptible to the effects of ECCT.

3. Voltage Variation and EF Gradient: Increasing the applied voltage difference (Vpp) led to a higher gradient of EF intensity, enhancing the therapeutic potential of ECCT. Higher applied voltages resulted in steeper EF gradients, which can be used to optimize treatment parameters.

4. Strong Dielectrophoretic Force (FDEP) at Lesion Boundary: A strong dielectrophoretic force was observed at the lesion-medium boundary, contributing to the detachment of the tumor mass from surrounding tissues. This force is crucial for disrupting microtubule polymerization, causing mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death.

5. Impact on Different Lesion Sizes: Variations in lesion diameter did not significantly affect the EF intensity distribution, suggesting that ECCT’s effectiveness is consistent across different tumor sizes. This versatility is beneficial for treating a wide range of cancer cases.

6. Relevance to Tubulin Dimer Size: The dielectrophoretic force was more related to the tubulin dimer size rather than the lesion size, indicating that even small changes in EF can significantly impact cell mitosis. This highlights the impact of EF on cellular structures, preventing cancer cells from completing mitosis and leading to cell cycle arrest and death.

Clinical Implications

1. Non-Invasive and Targeted Therapy: ECCT’s ability to generate strong electric forces specifically at the tumor boundary without affecting surrounding tissues underscores its potential as a targeted, non-invasive cancer therapy. This method reduces the need for aggressive surgical interventions.

2. Consistency Across Tumor Sizes: The effectiveness of ECCT across different lesion sizes suggests it could be widely applicable in clinical settings, providing a versatile treatment option for various cancer types and stages.

3. Potential for Combination Therapy: ECCT could be integrated with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, to enhance overall efficacy. Its non-invasive nature and targeted action could help reduce side effects and improve patient outcomes.

Relative Expression of IL-10 and TNF-α mRNA of Kidney and Spleen Tissues of Rat with and without Mammary Tumor after Exposure to Alternating Current Electric Field

Researchers have investigated a groundbreaking cancer treatment approach employing electric fields with varying direction and strength. These low-intensity electric fields, harmless to normal cells, disrupt the growth and division of cancer cells by influencing their internal structures. In a study involving rats with chemically induced breast cancer, the subjects were exposed to different electric field strengths. Assessments of two molecules linked to inflammation and immune response in the kidney and spleen indicated no adverse effects on these organs. Notably, there were signs that the electric fields might mitigate inflammation and enhance immune response in rats with breast cancer. The researchers concluded that electric fields are safe for the kidney and spleen in rats with breast cancer, underscoring the necessity for further studies to optimize their application and understand their mechanisms.

​

Key Findings 

1. Impact on IL-10 mRNA Expression in Kidney Tissues: No significant changes in IL-10 mRNA expression were observed in the Non-Induced Non-Therapy (NINT) and Non-Induced Therapy (NIT) groups compared to the control group, indicating that ECCT does not induce substantial anti-inflammatory responses in non-tumor-bearing kidneys. A significant increase in IL-10 mRNA expression was seen in the Induced Non-Therapy (INT) group (p < 0.05), suggesting an inflammatory response to DMBA-induced tumors. No significant changes were observed in the Induced Therapy  (IT) group, although there were increasing tendencies, indicating that ECCT might have a mild anti-inflammatory effect in the presence of tumors.

2. Impact on IL-10 mRNA Expression in Spleen Tissues: No significant changes in IL-10 mRNA expression were observed across all groups, suggesting that ECCT does not significantly impact the spleen’s inflammatory response, even in tumor-bearing conditions.

3. Impact on TNF-α mRNA Expression in Kidney Tissues: No significant changes in TNF-α mRNA expression were observed across all groups, though there were decreasing tendencies. This indicates that ECCT does not induce a pro-inflammatory response in the kidneys and might slightly suppress pro-inflammatory signals.

4. Impact on TNF-α mRNA Expression in Spleen Tissues: No significant changes in TNF-α mRNA expression were observed across all groups, suggesting that ECCT does not enhance pro-inflammatory responses in the spleen.

5. No Adverse Effects on Normal Inflammatory Response: ECCT exposure did not significantly affect IL-10 and TNF-α mRNA expression in the kidneys of normal rats, indicating that ECCT does not induce harmful inflammatory responses in non-cancerous conditions and is safe for normal tissues.

6. Enhanced IL-10 Expression in Tumor-Bearing Rats: Significant upregulation of IL-10 mRNA in the INT group indicates an inflammatory response to DMBA-induced tumors, possibly counteracting inflammation and oxidative stress.

7. TNF-α Expression Dynamics: The absence of significant changes in TNF-α expression across all groups suggests that ECCT does not exacerbate pro-inflammatory responses. The decreasing tendencies in TNF-α expression might indicate an inhibitory effect of IL-10, maintaining a balanced inflammatory response.

8. Non-Invasive and Safe Therapy: ECCT is a non-invasive treatment option with minimal adverse effects on healthy tissues, potentially enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients by reducing treatment-related side effects.

9. Potential for Combination Therapy: ECCT could be combined with other treatments to enhance therapeutic efficacy, leveraging its anti-inflammatory properties to mitigate the side effects of conventional therapies.

10. Safety and Efficacy of ECCT: The study indicates that ECCT does not significantly affect IL-10 and TNF-α expression in kidneys and spleens of rats, whether they have mammary tumors or not, suggesting that ECCT is a safe treatment modality without significant inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses in vital organs.

Non-Contact Electric Field May Induced Higher CD4, CD8, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 Protein Expression in Breast Tumor Tissue of Rats

Imagine a cancer treatment that's not only effective but also gentle on the body. That's what researchers found when they tested a new method called non-contact electric field therapy on rats with breast tumors. This therapy uses low-intensity electric fields to slow down tumor growth, making the tumor cells less harmful. It also boosts the body's natural defenses and helps kill off cancer cells more efficiently. The best part? It doesn't cause the harsh side effects often seen with traditional cancer treatments. This could be a game-changer for cancer patients, offering a safer and more tolerable way to fight the disease.

Key Findings

1. Suppression of Tumor Growth:

   • Non-contact electric field therapy significantly suppressed the growth of breast tumors in rats.

   • The therapy group showed a slower rate of tumor nodule growth compared to the untreated group.

2. Improvement in Histological Structure:

   • The therapy group exhibited an improved histological structure of the breast tumor tissue.

   • The connective tissue structure was more clearly defined, with wider lumens and more uniform epithelial cell shape and size.

3. Enhanced Immune Response:

   • Higher expression of CD4 and CD8 proteins was observed in the therapy group.

   • CD4+ lymphocytes, which are crucial for priming CD8+ lymphocytes, were more abundant in the therapy group, indicating a stronger immune response.

4. Increased Apoptosis:

   • The therapy group showed higher expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9 proteins, which are key initiators of apoptosis.

   • The presence of these proteins suggests that the therapy induces a higher rate of apoptosis in tumor cells.

5. Necrosis and Necroptosis:

   • The therapy group had a slightly higher necrosis area, but the difference was not significant.

   • The presence of necroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis, was indicated by the higher expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9.

Clinical Indications

1. Alternative Cancer Therapy:

   • The study provides evidence that non-contact electric field therapy can be an effective alternative to traditional cancer therapies, which often have severe side effects.

   • This therapy can potentially reduce tumor growth and improve the histological structure of tumor tissue.

2. Immune System Activation:

   • The therapy enhances the immune response by increasing the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes into the tumor tissue.

   • This immune activation can lead to better tumor cell elimination and control of tumor growth.

3. Induction of Apoptosis:

   • The therapy induces higher levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9, which are crucial for initiating apoptosis.

   • By promoting apoptosis, the therapy can effectively kill cancer cells and prevent tumor progression.

4. Safety and Tolerance:

   • The therapy was shown to be safe, with no significant damage to the kidney and liver.

   • The lack of significant side effects makes this therapy a promising option for cancer patients.

5. Potential for Personalized Medicine:

   • The study suggests that non-contact electric field therapy could be tailored to individual patients based on their specific tumor characteristics and immune response.

   • Further research could explore the optimal frequency and intensity of electric fields for different types of cancer.

Electric Field Distribution Analysis of Blood Cancer as a Potential Blood Cancer Therapy

The paper presents electric fields as a novel and effective treatment for blood cancer, a serious condition arising from the abnormal growth of white blood cells. The authors highlighted the impact of various factors—electrode size, shape, material, and voltage—on the electric field distribution in blood. Their suggestion is to use electrodes with high voltage and small size, generating robust electric fields capable of eliminating cancer cells through dielectrophoresis or electrochemical processes. This method holds promise as a potentially safer and more cost-effective alternative to other treatments.

​

Key Findings

1. Optimal Electrode Arrangement: Model 3, where electrodes are placed on two sides of the object with opposite electric poles, provided the most uniform and effective electric field distribution. This configuration is crucial for ensuring that the electric field can effectively target cancer cells throughout the treatment area.

2. Electric Field Distribution in Different Mediums: In simulations conducted in both air and blood mediums, Model 3 consistently showed superior electric field distribution compared to other configurations. This uniformity is essential for maximizing the therapeutic effects of ECCT.

3. Effect of Voltage on Electric Field Intensity: Increasing the input voltage directly increased the electric field intensity. At 0.34 V input voltage, the maximum electric field values for normal blood, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes were 22.6 V/m, 22.85 V/m, and 24.88 V/m, respectively. Doubling the input voltage to 0.68 V further increased these values, demonstrating that higher electric field intensities can be achieved to enhance therapeutic effects.

4. Dielectrophoretic Migration: Leukocytes were observed to migrate towards regions with higher electric fields, indicating positive dielectrophoresis. This migration is crucial for concentrating the therapeutic effects of ECCT on cancer cells.

5. Voltage Threshold for Leukocyte Breakdown: A minimum voltage of 0.34 V was identified as necessary to convert leukocytes into electric current, facilitating their breakdown. This threshold voltage is critical for ensuring effective disruption of cancer cells.

6. Impact of Photosensitizers: Adding a photosensitizer like Porphyrin can lower the permittivity of blood, enhancing the dielectrophoretic effects and increasing leukocyte breakdown. This approach could further improve the efficacy of ECCT in clinical settings.

7. Non-Invasive Treatment Potential: ECCT offers a non-invasive method to target blood cancer cells, potentially reducing the need for aggressive treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This highlights the potential of ECCT as a safer and more comfortable treatment option for patients.

8. Safety and Efficacy: The study demonstrates that ECCT effectively targets cancer cells without significantly impacting healthy cells, supporting its safety as a treatment modality.

​

Non-contact Electric Field Exposure Provides Potential Cancer Therapy through p53-Independent Proliferation Arrest and Intrinsic
Pathway Apoptosis Induction in MG-63 Cell Lines

Osteosarcoma, a highly malignant bone tumor primarily affecting children and young adults, poses significant challenges in treatment due to its aggressive nature and propensity for metastasis. Traditional therapies, including chemotherapy and surgery, often come with severe side effects and
may not effectively halt the progression of the disease. This study explores a novel, non-invasive approach using non-contact electric field exposure as a potential therapy for osteosarcoma, focusing on its effects on MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. The researchers exposed MG-63 cells to a non-contact electric field at a frequency of 200 kHz for six days. This treatment led to remarkable changes in cell behavior, including a significant reduction in cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. The study utilized real-time qPCR and flow
cytometry to analyze gene expression and apoptotic indices, respectively.

​

Key Findings

1. Cell Morphology and Proliferation: Exposing MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells to a non-contact electric field at  evidenced by dramatic changes in cell morphology. The treated cells at a frequency of 200 kHz for six days significantly reduced cell proliferation, as transformed from their usual spindle shape to a spherical shape, showing  gaps between cells that indicated reduced adherence and proliferation. These findings suggest that the electric field effectively disrupts the cells' ability to grow and multiply.

2. Apoptosis Induction: The electric field exposure induced apoptosis in the treated osteosarcoma cells. This was evidenced by a significant increase in the apoptotic index, with a notable rise in  the expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9. The study found that these cells underwent apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway, which is characterized by the activation of mitochondrial-mediated events.

3. Gene Expression: Gene expression analysis revealed that p21, a key regulator of cell cycle progression, was significantly upregulated in the treated cells. Conversely, MDM2, a negative regulator of p53, was downregulated. This suggests that the electric field exposure led to cell cycle arrest by enhancing p21 activity, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. The study also noted that p53 expression remained unchanged, indicating that the observed effects were mediated through a p53-independent pathway.

4. Caspase Activation: The study found that caspase-3 and caspase-9 were significantly upregulated in the treated cells, while caspase-8 levels remained unchanged. This selective activation of caspases is consistent with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, where caspase-9 plays a pivotal role in the mitochondrial pathway, ultimately leading to the activation of caspase-3, the primary executioner of apoptosis.

Clinical Implications

1. Non-invasive Cancer Therapy: The findings suggest that non-contact electric field exposure could serve as a non- invasive therapeutic option for osteosarcoma. Unlike traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, which often have severe side effects, electric field therapy is less likely to damage healthy cells. This makes it a promising alternative for cancer patients, particularly those who cannot tolerate or have not responded to conventional treatments.

2. Targeted Apoptosis Induction: The ability of electric field exposure to induce apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway is particularly significant. Many cancers, including osteosarcoma, often exhibit p53 mutations that render them resistant to therapies that rely on p53 activation. By targeting apoptosis through alternative pathways, electric field therapy could be effective even in p53-deficient tumors.

3. Potential for Combination Therapy: The study's results indicate that electric field exposure could be used in combination with existing therapies to enhance their efficacy. For instance, it could be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy or radiation to increase cell death and reduce the likelihood of tumor recurrence. This multimodal approach could improve treatment outcomes and survival rates in osteosarcoma patients.

4. Personalized Medicine: Given the variability in cancer cell responses to different treatments, the study's findings could contribute to the development of personalized medicine strategies. By understanding the specific molecular pathways affected by electric field exposure, clinicians could tailor treatment plans to individual patients based on their tumor's genetic profile and response to therapy.

​

Electric Fields Regulate In Vitro Surface Phosphatidylserine Exposure of Cancer Cells via a Calcium-Dependent Pathway

The study provides evidence that non-contact electric field (EF) stimulation can differentially modulate surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in cancer cells through a calcium-dependent pathway, involving actin polymerization and p38 MAPK activation. These findings open new avenues for enhancing targeted cancer therapies by manipulating PS exposure using EF stimulation.

EXPERIMENT: The key components of the EF stimulation setup included a parallel plate capacitor with two plates measuring 135 mm × 128 mm, spaced 26 mm apart. A voltage source (Pasco, model SF-9586, Roseville, CA, USA) was used to generate the electric fields. Cells were seeded in a petri dish filled with cell culture media, which was placed between the capacitor plates to ensure exposure to the electric fields without direct contact with the electrodes. Two different EF amplitudes, 7.5 V/mm (low amplitude) and 15 V/mm (moderate amplitude), were selected based on previous theoretical and experimental studies to ensure safety and efficacy. The study utilized several cell lines, including glioblastoma (U87-GBM), human pancreatic cancer (cfPac-1 and MiaPaCa-2), human astrocytes, and human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. Flow cytometry was employed to measure PS exposure, intracellular calcium levels, and membrane leakage, while immunofluorescence staining was used to visualize actin polymerization and p38 MAPK activation. Western blot analysis quantified protein expression levels of key markers such as cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, p38 MAPK, and cyclin D1. Statistical analysis was performed using one or two-factor ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

​

Key Findings:

PS Exposure Modulation:

• Moderate amplitude EF stimulation significantly increased PS exposure on cancer cell surfaces.

• Low amplitude EF stimulation decreased PS exposure.

• This modulation was specific to cancer cells and was not observed in normal cell lines.

Calcium-Dependent Mechanism:

• EF-induced PS exposure is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.

• Moderate amplitude EF increases cytosolic calcium, while low amplitude decreases it.

• The increase in PS exposure under moderate EF is mediated by inhibition of flippase activity due to increased intracellular calcium.

Actin Polymerization and p38 MAPK Activation:

• Moderate amplitude EF stimulation led to increased actin polymerization and p38 MAPK activation.

• Low amplitude EF had the opposite effect, decreasing actin polymerization and inhibiting p38 MAPK activation.

Cell Cycle Arrest:

• Moderate amplitude EF stimulation caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in cancer cells.

• This arrest was accompanied by decreased cyclin D1 expression.

Clinical Implications:

1. Non-Invasive Modulation of Cancer Biomarkers: The ability to modulate PS exposure using non-contact EF stimulation provides a non-invasive means to alter key cancer biomarkers. This could be particularly valuable for targeting cancer cells without causing harm to normal cells.

2. Personalized Cancer Treatment: By adjusting the EF amplitude, it may be possible to tailor the treatment to the specific PS expression levels of a patient's cancer cells. This approach could enhance the efficacy of treatments by making them more personalized and targeted.

3. Enhanced Targeted Therapies: The study suggests that cancer cells with higher PS exposure are more susceptible to PS-targeting treatments like SapC-DOPS nanovesicles. Conversely, cancer cells with lower PS exposure are more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation. By modulating PS exposure, EF stimulation could be used to sensitize cancer cells to specific treatments, enhancing their efficacy.

4. Potential for Combination Therapies: Combining moderate amplitude EF treatment with SapC-DOPS or low amplitude EF treatment with chemotherapy/radiation could lead to enhanced cancer cell death. This approach could be particularly effective in treating cancer by leveraging the strengths of different therapeutic modalities.

5. Reduction of Side Effects: Non-contact EF stimulation offers a non-invasive method for cancer treatment, potentially reducing the side effects associated with current invasive therapies. This could improve patient quality of life and make treatments more tolerable.

6. Mechanistic Insights for Future Therapies: The findings on the calcium-dependent pathway and the role of actin polymerization and p38 MAPK in EF-induced PS exposure provide mechanistic insights that could lead to the development of new cancer therapies. Understanding these mechanisms could help identify new therapeutic targets and improve treatment strategies.

7. Safe and Effective Treatment Modality: The study demonstrates that non-contact EF stimulation is safe and does not cause detrimental effects on cell growth, viability, or membrane integrity. This supports the potential of EF stimulation as an effective and safe treatment modality for cancer.​

​

Cox Model Survival Analysis to Evaluate Treatment of Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) For Cancer Patients

The research highlights the significance of monitoring frequency in ECCT's impact on the lifespan of patients with breast, brain, and lung cancers. It suggests that each extra monitoring session can potentially reduce the risk of death by 10-20%. In essence, this study underscores ECCT's potential effectiveness as a treatment option for cancer patients.

The Specificity and Efficacy of Alternating Electric Fields as a Prospective Cancer Treatment

Advancements in medical technology are opening up new possibilities for cancer treatment. Specifically, the use of external electric fields has shown potential in inhibiting cancer growth. Devices such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEF), picosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (psPEF), and Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) are being studied and developed for this purpose. Among these, ECCT has been particularly effective and is being closely investigated, especially in breast cancer treatment. 

Design of frequency generator and amplifier level converter using 300nm CMOS technology (2016 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD))

The study contributes to enhancing ECCT systems by incorporating Integrated Circuit technology. This integration has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the system in treating cancer.

Electric Field Distribution Measurement for electrocapacitive cancer therapy by using Wire Mesh Tomography

Major strides have been made in brain cancer treatment through the application of electricity. This study delves into a groundbreaking approach using electricity to specifically address brain cancer. Envision a treatment that is safer, more efficient, and less distressing. This research lays the groundwork for innovations that have the potential to profoundly change lives.

A Novel Method for Analyzing Electric Field Distribution of Electro Capacitive Cancer Treatment (ECCT) Using Wire Mesh Electrodes: A Case Study of Brain Cancer Therapy

The research highlights the significance of monitoring frequency in ECCT's impact on the lifespan of patients with breast, brain, and lung cancers. It suggests that each extra monitoring session can potentially reduce the risk of death by 10-20%. In essence, this study underscores ECCT's potential effectiveness as a treatment option for cancer patients.